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transportation history
Many people today take for granted the very means of travel available to them. Few stop to think of how life would be different had man never tamed that first wild horse, or shaped that very first wheel. How did ancient man hit on these life-altering ideas? Where did the thought first originate? How have the advances of time led humanity from the ground to the stars? Archaeologists believe that the very first step toward man-made transportation began in either Mesopotamia or Asia, sometime around 4000-3500 BC, with the invention of the wheel. By this point, man had long since domesticated the horse, and was using it to help him till the soil and plant crops. But the invention of the wheel would eventually make man’s ability to transport his crops from one place to another less awkward, and birth the idea of trade and exchange. The invention of the wheel would lead to the development of mass transportation, as man put his new invention to practical uses. The next logical evolutionary step from the wheel was the invention of the cart and chariot. The two-wheel chariot found its birthplace in Sumeria, and is believed to be the world’s first form of wheeled transportation. Built around 3500 BC, this chariot increased the speed of travel over land, and eventually led to the four-wheeled cart, which took the burden of carrying supplies and equipment off of the shoulders of the common man.
As man overcame the boundaries of land travel, his curiosity about the world around him increased. To his aid, man had developed a means of traveling on water even before he had domesticated the horse. The origin of the dugout boat is one of history’s great mysteries. Historians are unable to pinpoint when or where the very first water vessel was set afloat, and even speculate that it might have been purely an accident the first time. But, however it happened, the addition of the boat changed the face of transportation. Boats allowed man to, for the first time ever, cross bodies of water without getting wet.
Then, in the 1800s, ships began to shed their sails on the rivers once again. The advent of automation was changing transportation forever. The very first automation in ships was the cumbersome paddlewheel. Due to their bulky form and inability to turn easily, paddlewheel boats were confined to river travel, where they would experience calmer currents and need less manueverablity. After the paddlewheel came the steamship. These vessels used coal or wood, burned to heat water, which in turn created the steam pressure used to work the pistons which moved the ship. The steamship was to enjoy a long and trusted run on both rivers and seas. Then, in 1912, the first diesel-powered ship, the Danish Selandia, was launched. That diesel engine design was to become the industrial and military standard until after World War II. Then, in 1958, the first nuclear powered ship was launched. However, nuclear power was soon discarded by industry as too expensive and risky, though it would continue to find use in the military community. Automation also improved travel by land. Mass transit became a standard, originally through the steam engine of the eighteenth century. But these early trains were slow and very often dangerous. Then, in 1804, locomotives, which used steam to power a series of pistons (much like a steamship), came into use. These locomotives were powerful enough that one engine could pull several cars, a feat hopelessly beyond the capacity of the earlier steam engines.