Fertility

Measures of Fertility

• General Fertility Rate 
• Child-Woman Ratio
• Age-Specific Birth Rate
• Total Fertility Rate
• Gross Reproduction Rate
• Net Reproduction Rate
• Crude Birth Rate

What is a "natural high" TFR?

What is the TFR in world regions?

• Is it increasing or decreasing?

Discuss these factors affecting fertility

• Religion
• Age of mother
• Age of marriage
• Gender preference
• War
• Minority Status
• Infant survivability
• Contraception availability and use
• Education and income
• Laws and tax structures
• Welfare
• Urbanization
• Race and ethnicity
• Housing stock
• Social Attitudes (e.g. out-of-wedlock births; homosexuality, etc.)

After what critical point do voluntary family planning programs succeed, in the process of modernization.

 

Economic Costs/Benefits of children?

Contraception

• What are most-used types?
• What proportion of people use contraception? (world regions)
• #1 among young? #1 among older group?

Policies to influence fertility rates

• What can a country do to raise or lower TFR?

Abortion

• Rates
• China's policy
• How effective?

Garret Hardin's Tragedy of Commons

• Implications for population policy?

Optimum Population

• computing average or total "happiness."

Mortality

Define these terms

• Morbidity
• Longevity
• Life Expectancy
• Life Span
• Infant Mortality Rate
• Child Mortality Rate
• Neonatal Mortality Rate

What is life expectancy in world regions today?

• First World vs Third World
• Latin America
• Asia
• Africa
• North America
• Europe

How do men and women compare?

What are the major causes of death?

• First World
• Third World

1. what location characteristics contribute to the spread?
2. within those "prone" areas, what are the spatial patterns of spread?

• malaria
• smallpox
• mad cow disease
• common cold
• cholera
• heart disease
• homicide (though it's not a disease)

• trade and travel?
• public infrastructure (e.g. sewerage system)?
• vectors?
• agents?
• barriers to transmission?

How do these affect mortality?

• Gender
• Level of Economic Development
• Status of women
• Access to health care
• Race/Ethnicity
• Age of mother
• Education
• Cultural attributes
• suicide
• Urbanization
• Rural living
• Climate
• Travel

AIDS

• How many people have HIV/AIDS today? 
• Where?
• How many die annually?
• What are some of the unique characteristics of AIDS
• ages affected
• incubation period
• resistance to medical treatment

Data

• What U.S. agency provides detailed information about death and disease?
• How good are vital statistics from Third World countries?
• What do life tables show us?

Epidemiological Transition

• What is it?
• What are the four stages in the transition?

Migration

Definitions

• "activity space" and total- partial displacement
• commuting
• moving
• sojourn
• circulation
• mass migration
• forced vs. voluntary migration
• economic migrants
• refugees/ asylees

Measures of Migration

• Gross migration
• Net migration
• Migration efficiency

Migration to the U.S.

• Major U.S. 20th century policies toward migration
• Migrants to U.S. today
• legal and illegal
• periods of migration to the U.S.

Migration Models

• "Neoclassical" formula for mitration
• Place characteristics (unemployment rate, wages, etc.)
• Role of amenities in migration (e.g. good climate, etc.)
• Behavioral formula for migration
• Place Utility and cost of moving
• "Neoclassical" Place characteristics in migration
• employment rate, wage rate, etc.

Selectivity of migrants

• Age
• gender
• Education
• income
• risk-taking
• friendship networks

Barriers to migration

• financial
• risk/uncertainty
• psychic costs

Patterns of migration

• channelization
• distance decay
• urban hierarchical
• return migration
• wide dispersal (e.g. diaspora)

Effects of migration

• On migrants
• On destination
• On origin