**Provided Courtesy of William Mitchell School of Law, St. Paul, MN

Many thanks to the William Mitchell College of Law for allowing us to reproduce its “Guide to Legal Practice Areas.” Take a look at the wide variety of specializations it describes, and consider which one(s) might be right for you.

In doing so, remember that you will NOT be a specialist in anything when you graduate from law school. Law schools provide a general education across many areas of the law. Late in your second year, or in your third year, you will be free to focus on courses that interest you, but coursework alone will not make you adept at any particular field. Law schools do NOT expect you to know or declare any specialization to gain admission, and you do NOT have to choose one before graduation. Nevertheless, if you know what you are interested in, you can try to plan your elective courses and summer jobs to prepare you for that area of practice.

These days, students commonly express interest in three fields that are often misunderstood. They are international law, patent/intellectual property law, and sports law. If you are interested in one of these fields, you need to understand what it really entails, because it might not be what you expect. For example:

1. “International” law is a term of art that means, in essence, the law among nations. International law is a narrow field covering treaties, international agreements, human rights, and the like—the stuff of State Department lawyers and diplomats. If you are interested in that, fine. But when most students say they want to practice “international law,” they simply mean that they want to work overseas. If you want to work overseas for a private U.S. law firm, chances are good that you will not practice international law; rather, you will focus on contracts, real estate deals, and other types of business law in a foreign setting. Some law schools offer programs in “international law”—make sure you understand what they mean in using that term. If you are willing to accept a position overseas, it is very helpful to have experience in a foreign language, or at least some study abroad or travel abroad experience.
   
   If you are an international student studying in the U.S., admission to a U.S. law school can be quite a challenge. There are a number of explanations for this fact. First, a U.S. law degree is rarely recognized overseas—it will not make you a lawyer in your home country. Second, even if you are admitted to law school in the U.S., you may not be eligible for law practice. You must still be admitted to the bar of a state, and many states either require you to be a citizen, or require that an attorney swear an oath to uphold the Constitution and laws of the United States. State bars do extensive background checks covering many years, and it is not always possible to complete this check when dealing with an international applicant. Thus, if you are not a U.S. citizen, you should contact each law school to see if it admits non-citizens and then contact each state bar association where you would wish to practice to see if you can be admitted. Many law schools offer their foreign students an alternative degree—an LLM, which is essentially a master’s degree in law. It will not allow you to practice law in the United States, but it could prove valuable upon return to your home country.
   
   

2. Patent/Intellectual property law concerns protecting inventors’ creations. “Creations” can include, for example, a new machine or process, a logo, a piece of music, or a poem. The field tends to be broken up into those who practice patent law, a very specialized form of law that seeks patent recognition before the U.S. Patent Court, and those who undertake other fields such as trademark and copyright law. Many law firms require at least their patent lawyers, and sometimes all of their intellectual property lawyers, to have an undergraduate degree in engineering, physics, biology, or some other hard science. If you like intellectual property law, but lack such a degree, you might wish to focus on non-patent work, or on patent litigation—where you do not seek patents, but rather litigate in regular federal court to protect and defend existing patents.

3. “Sports law,” like international law, is often misunderstood. A good sports law attorney essentially practices regular old contract and business law in a sports context. Sports law attorneys might take a sports law course in law school, but it’s probably more important to get a good background in contracts, tax, labor and employment law, and mediation and negotiation. Whatever the specific field, a good business attorney needs a solid background in at least these areas.
   
   

If you have any questions about legal practice fields after reviewing this document, please feel free to ask: stop by or send us an e-mail, and we’ll try our best to get you timely and relevant information about specific areas, including the latest “hot” practice areas.

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The following is a breakdown of some of the most common practice areas you will encounter in the traditional practice of law. This is by no means an inclusive list. It is meant to serve only as a guide, and to give you a very general and brief overview of what an attorney in any given area is likely to encounter in terms of legal issues, his or her clients, and the types of problems he or she might be called upon to solve. You will find that many practice areas overlap, and include elements of one or more others. Also, some of these terms describe a "style" of practice, such as "General Practice" or "Litigation," while other terms used here relate to a specific area of substantive law.

Criminal Law encompasses those matters that are acts in violation of penal law, or an offense against the State or the United States of America. Criminal matters are always prosecuted by a federal, state, or local government body--in other words--the people. Criminal defense can be handled by the public sector or the private sector (law firms). Conviction, punishment or acquittal is the desired result of a criminal case.

Civil Law includes those actions brought to enforce, redress, or protect private rights. A sum of money is assessed for violations of civil law.

The Litigation Group: These are the trial lawyers. Attorneys in the litigation group are involved in all the steps of the process for those legal issues filed in court. A litigator' s work includes the preparation, discovery, the trial itself, and potentially the appeals process.

The Transactional Group: These are the "deal-makers." These lawyers are likely to handle many corporate issues such as financing projects, mergers and acquisitions, and securities. Transactional work will also include real estate transactions, the probate process, and tax work. And just to make it interesting, any transactional matter can end up in litigation.

Certain governmental bodies are charged with administering and implementing particular legislation. Examples are worker' s compensation commissions, tax commissioner, public service commissions, Federal Trade Commission, and so forth. These bodies are called agencies, commissions (i. e., Securities and Exchange Commission), corporations (i. e., Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), boards (i. e., Federal Reserve Board of Governors), departments (i. e., Department of Education), or divisions. These bodies have authority to carry out the terms of the law, and to create regulations for the conduct of business before them. This is distinguished from legislative authority– that is, the authority to make laws. Attorneys who work for these bodies are involved in compliance with regulations, rules, orders, and decisions to carry out the regulatory powers and duties of such agencies.

Additionally, lawyers from many practice areas encounter administrative issues in their practice, even if they are not working for an administrative agency. Any business that is in an industry that is "regulated," such as health care, environmental science, manufacturing, aviation, or securities is subject to administrative authority. Therefore, attorneys in many practice areas are charged with ensuring that their clients' business practices adhere to the standards set forth by administrative agencies empowered to interpret and regulate business activity within a given industry.

An aviation practice can range from the representation of clients involved in litigation arising out of a crash of a large commercial airliner to defending a lost baggage claim. Aviation law involves the basic tort law concepts of negligence, breach of warranty and strict liability as well as contract law. Attorneys may represent aircraft or aircraft component manufacturers, airlines, private pilots or other parties in the general aviation industry, or work with an administrative body such as the Federal Aviation Administration. There are also transactional attorneys practicing aviation law, such as those rendering advice to a corporate client that wishes to purchase an aviation-related entity such as an airline or charter operation.

A banking and finance practice within a private law firm can represent a wide spectrum of clients in the financial and commercial areas, including banks, bank holding companies, and clients with banking affiliations. These attorneys have substantial knowledge in state and federal banking regulation, enforcement actions, tax law, bank mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcy, commercial paper, secured financing, real estate and Uniform Commercial Code matters. Lawyers with this expertise are also found within the banking institutions themselves in a corporate setting. This practice area is largely transactional, and overlaps with many other areas of law. The banking and financial industry is heavily regulated, at the federal and state level, so many attorneys are needed in compliance work, and occasionally administrative law matters.

This area of law includes aspects of corporate law, litigation, commercial law, tax law, and others. A lawyer' s negotiation skills are primary in a bankruptcy practice. The clients' ultimate goals are, in the case of debtors, to relieve the demands of creditors so there is an opportunity to reorganize or rehabilitate the business, or in the case of lenders, to maximize their recovery. These goals are usually achieved through direct negotiations between the parties, a "work-out" in which the debt is restructured, or a reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Federal Bankruptcy Laws.

Civil litigation runs the gamut from a basic marriage dissolution to a complex, mass torts case with multiple plaintiffs and multiple defendants with millions of dollars at stake. In fact, any legal issue can be litigated. For example, while the probate process is generally transactional, a will can be contested and the dispute can be settled in court. While there is a very structured set of procedures in the litigation process, it can also be an amoeba– that is– the case can take twists and turns, and change in ways you don' t anticipate. The best litigators are prepared, and not easily rattled by the unexpected. For many lawyers, it is their client' s goal not to go to trial. In fact, most issues filed in court conclude in settlement. Once in the courtroom, however, the litigator is a legal specialist who combines oratory skills with legal analysis and cross-examination to convince a judge and/ or a jury of his or her client' s position. Below, are some of the most common specialty areas for civil litigators:

PERSONAL INJURY: Many trial attorneys have rewarding careers litigating personal injury cases. Attorneys who are successful and rewarded in this practice area are skilled presenters, and enjoy the advocacy role. They represent people who suffered "damage to their person." While that might bring to mind some late night television advertisers soliciting whiplash victims, most often, attorneys in this practice area are representing victims who have been damaged in ways that affect them for the rest of their lives. The personal injury lawyer' s job is to "prove damages," or to maximize monetary
compensation for an injured client. To do so, a personal injury lawyer will actively engage in investigation of the accident or event that caused the injury, and will almost always call upon medical and/ or technical experts for testimony. They are adept interviewers, gathering information from witnesses, medical professionals, insurance companies, and victims. They are persuasive communicators, and often must know how to utilize sophisticated technology for graphics and visuals to demonstrate their case to a jury.

INSURANCE DEFENSE: Insurance companies are often the parties that pay for damages in many civil litigation matters. These companies generally have their own team of attorneys who are usually experienced litigators. Insurance companies will also hire outside law firms to assist in their defense, depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the claim. If a claim is litigated, insurers have personnel specifically trained to investigate its validity. (People with law degrees are sometimes sought out for these positions). Attorneys specializing in insurance defense also work for private law firms hired by insurance companies.

An insurance defense practice, whether in an insurance corporation or a law firm, will also call upon other legal professionals. For example, attorneys are hired by insurance corporations in alternative legal careers--as experts in risk management, contract administration, investigation, and regulatory compliance.

PRODUCTS LIABILITY: A man sues a lawnmower manufacturer for personal injury sustained when the blade hits a rock, propels it from underneath the mower, and strikes his leg. He claims the mower was defectively designed. A woman with an adverse reaction to a drug sues three pharmaceutical companies, and a drug industry trade association. She claims her illness was caused by the defendants' failure to warn her of the dangers of the drug. The State of Minnesota sues a building contractor, claiming negligence in the builder' s use of asbestos in buildings constructed over ten years ago.
These cases have different fact situations, legal theories, and evidentiary concerns and defenses, but they all fall under the "products liability" practice area. Numerous theories of recovery can be brought under single or multiple causes of action. They include negligence, strict liability, breach of express warranty, breach of implied warranty, and in some situations, absolute liability. In most cases damages are sought for personal injury. Sometimes, such as in the asbestos case, damages are available for economic loss. In certain cases, punitive damages are awarded.

COMPLEX LITIGATION: This describes a case filed in court that is likely to have multiple parties and multiple causes of action, and sometimes crosses jurisdictions. Examples are mass tort cases and class actions such as the breast implant litigation, the tobacco litigation, and the Dalkon Sheild litigation. Lawyers involved in these cases are with private law firms or in-house, corporate counsel for one of the parties named in the suit. Generally, the large private law firms will be on the defense side, and plaintiff' s work is handled by smaller firms.

OTHER COMMON SPECIALTY AREAS FOR LITIGATORS: As mentioned above, any legal matter can end up in litigation. Employment matters are often heard in court, such as hiring discrimination claims, wrongful termination, or sexual harassment. Business and corporate issues are frequently litigated, such as the interpretation of a shareholder agreement or failure to deliver specified goods on time. Family law matters frequently get settled in the courtroom, such as marital termination agreements and child custody. Contract disputes, tax matters, and real estate issues also provide enough litigation for many lawyers to make a lucrative practice specializing in litigating these types of cases.

There are many state and federal agencies with legislative responsibility for enforcing civil rights laws. This area of law is also practiced in private law firms, corporations, and legal services organizations. Laws vary from state to state and generally prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, handicap, ancestry, age, status as to public assistance in regard to employment, access to housing, use of public accommodations, and opportunities in matters relating to credit and credit transactions.

Commercial transactions is a general term used to describe a whole body of substantive law applicable to the rights, intercourse, and relations of persons engaged in commerce, trade or mercantile pursuits. The Uniform Commercial Code is a group of laws adopted in whole or substantially by all states, and governs commercial transactions, including sales and leasing of goods, transfer of funds, commercial paper, bank deposits and collections, letters of credit, bulk transfers, warehouse receipts, bills of lading, investment securities, and secured transactions. Commercial transactions encompasses many areas of law including banking and finance, securities, real estate, bankruptcy and more. Some lawyers have specialties in one or more of these areas, and others will handle a wide variety of commercial transactions. These lawyers are employed by private law firms of all sizes, the corporate sector and the government sector.

With the growth of technology, this is a growing and emerging practice area. Very generally, communications law can refer to those laws regulating the media, such as libel and slander, privacy rights, and First Amendment issues. New electronic media such as the Internet, cellular communication, and e-mail have created a host of issues that are unresolved. Until laws are created to regulate these communications, issues will be litigated. Attorneys with this specialty could work for a governmental body such as the Federal Communications Commission, private law firms, or corporate entities.

Construction law is a specialty dealing with all matters of new building construction. This can range from the real estate transactions, the financing of commercial projects, and contracts between developers, subcontractors, and buyers. Some litigators specialize in this area as well, and can encounter issues from personal injury stemming from construction site accidents to products liability of materials used in building.

A general corporate practice involves the entire spectrum of legal services for a diversified client base. Work includes corporate counseling, negotiating and preparing legal documents for all types of business transactions, from sales agreements to complex joint ventures and business combinations. Private law firms can represent publicly-held companies, privately-held businesses, start-ups, venture capitalists, investment bankers, and others. They will deal with issues such as joint ventures, financing, mergers, acquisitions, dispositions, securities, tax, and more.

Attorneys are also found working within corporations as "in-house" corporate counsel. For these lawyers the corporation for which they work is their client. The issues they handle may include all those mentioned above, as well as handling employment issues or lawsuits against the company arising out of personal injury, products liability, or breaches of contract.

Criminal prosecution is generally handled by government agencies at the federal, state, and local levels. Attorneys are found in federal enforcement agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Agency. The United States Attorney' s Office has 94 offices across the
country. This prosecutorial arm has a Criminal Division broken down into three parts: Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force, General Crimes Section, and Economic Crimes Section. State agencies include those such as the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, and the state Attorney General' s Offices. Local offices are the city, county and/ or district attorneys.

Criminal defense is also handled by some state and local government entities, such as a county-level public defender' s office, nonprofit or public service agencies such as Legal Aid Societies, and the private sector. Usually, law firms engaged in a criminal defense practice are small, private law firms, and will represent individuals facing drug charges, DUI, and other various misdemeanors and felonies. Occasionally, very small municipalities will contract with local firms to serve as their prosecutor.

Lawyers who specialize in education law are likely to encounter three types of legal issues in their practice. The first stems from Constitutional issues, such as First Amendment Rights, that can arise in public education, both in K-12 and higher education institutions. The second area of issues is related to employment law. These can include tenure issues and contracts of teachers and faculty; discrimination and harassment issues, both student to student and among faculty and staff; and other Equal Employment Opportunity Commission issues. Other issues likely to come before an education lawyer are tort claims relating to liability of an educational institution. The Federal Department of Education hires some lawyers who deal with Occupational Civil Rights issues, but these specialists are found mostly in state Boards of Education, local public school systems, working for the educational institution itself as in-house counsel, or in private law firms hired to represent these institutions.

As our population continues to age, elder law is emerging as a specialty in which many lawyers find opportunity. Elder law encompasses a host of legal issues that specifically affect the elderly. For example, the baby-boomers are in their 50s now, and becoming concerned with retirement security.

Lawyers with expertise in financial markets and investment products are needed to provide those services, along with accompanying real estate and estate planning issues. Other issues might overlap with health law, including Medicare/ Medicaid issues, nursing home payments, assisted suicide and living wills. Other common issues are will, trusts, and conservatorships.

Attorneys in this practice area represent both publically—and privately—held companies, and banks and trust departments in all phases of designing and administering employee benefits and retirement processes, such as 401k plans, 403b plans, health benefits, and other investment vehicles companies offer to their employees. Other issues include incentive compensation plans, capital accumulation plans, and stock option plans. These attorneys often have a client counseling role, assisting their clients in long-range strategic planning, educating clients on current regulations and legislation, and advising clients to ensure compliance with those codes. This is a highly technical area of law with many tax implications. Many practitioners have backgrounds in accounting and/ or an advanced law degree in tax.

An entertainment law practice can range from representing on-air personalities to professional athletes to educational institutions. These lawyers will negotiate employment agreements and standard player contracts. The practice involves negotiation of endorsement/ marketing agreements, representing clients in grievance/ arbitration proceedings, providing tax and estate planning advice, and reviewing and/ or developing investment agreements. It is also common for lawyers in this practice area to handle numerous real estate transactions, and manage their clients' equity interests in real estate.

Lawyers in private law firms represent clients in both the private and public sectors in a variety of labor and employment matters. A labor relations attorney will represent employers in matters such as unfair labor practices, collective bargaining negotiations, representation elections, grievances and arbitrations, and strike litigation. These attorneys also counsel clients on issues such as affirmative action compliance, employee handbooks, workplace rules, and other related matters. An employment litigator will represents clients on issues such as discrimination in hiring, wrongful discharge, breach of employment contract, workplace libel and slander, employee right to privacy, and other issues. Some employment lawyers are also found representing companies before administrative agencies such as state bureaus of employment, bureaus of workers' compensation, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the National Labor Relations Board. Others actively advise and represent clients in OSHA matters involving employee health and safety.

This practice area encompasses a number of activities. There is an ongoing need for attorneys to provide regulatory advice to businesses. Government agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency are often involved in an administrative law practice. For example, if a business, citizen group, a county or municipality believes a regulatory agency has issued a permit that does not adequately protect the environment, administrative procedures enable these parties to challenge the permit.

Attorneys are also consulted to represent clients in the industrial and manufacturing industry that, because of past activities, have been scheduled for investigation and clean up in the next decade. Private parties may also be involved in disputes involving land contamination and will hire private counsel. While some environmental disputes are litigated, most are handled through the administrative process. Finally, environmental lawyers are often involved in putting together business deals such as real estate transactions, and business acquisition and divestitures. Often when these transactions involve the transfer of real property, environment assessments are required.

Family law practices are usually limited to small and mid-sized private law firms. Some public service agencies, such as Legal Aid Societies, will represent indigent clients in family law matters. Family law matters can include pre-marital advice and planning; child-related issues such as custody, support, and visitation; divorce planning, negotiation and/ or litigation involving support, spousal maintenance, or division of property; and post decree modifications and enforcement. Those engaged in a family law practice are very skilled counselors and negotiators, whose success is often dependent upon their ability to demonstrate genuine concern and compassion for their clients. Family law often involves trial work, and can overlap with many other areas of law such as tax and estate planning, real estate, corporate and finance, contract, and criminal.

A general practice is just what it sounds like. This refers to a law firm or an individual lawyer who handles many different types of legal matters from different practice areas. Many solo practitioners and small-firm lawyers have a general practice, or as it is sometimes called, "door law," that is, they will handle whatever comes in the door. Usually these lawyers will limit their work to litigation or transactional matters, but there are a handful who do both. Large law firms usually are described as general practice, meaning that there are departments of attorneys devoted to handling a spectrum of particular practice areas. The lawyers within these departments are usually specialists in their given field, however the firm as a whole is described as "general practice." This term is limited to private law firms and individual lawyers. Government and corporate setting lawyers are usually specialists in one or more closely-related fields.

There are literally thousands of government entities that hire lawyers, and they are found at the federal, state, and local levels. Many of these bodies are mentioned elsewhere in this article. Some offices may do work that is specific to a substantive area of law, such as the administrative bodies like the SEC. We felt we should still include a "government practice" section separately because there are so many government offices that handle many different types of legal issues and offer a wide variety of practice styles. A good example of this is the state Attorney' s General Offices. These offices generally provide legal advice to members of the state legislature, the judiciary and local officials such as county attorneys and sheriffs to assist them in enforcing state law. In Minnesota, more than 100 state agencies, boards and commissions receive legal advice and representation from the staff of the Attorney General' s Office.

Attorneys represent the state in adversarial proceedings including lawsuits in state and federal court, rule-making hearings, administrative hearings, rate hearings, disciplinary conferences and collection activities. Staff attorneys provide advice and opinions involving statutory interpretation, potential liability, legal authority for proposed agency actions, and federal law requirements. Attorneys draft legislation and administrative rules, write opinions, advise clients, and respond to citizens' questions and concerns. Many attorneys also handle substantial transactional work involved with state contracts, real estate matters, and program administration.

The Attorney General regularly helps to shape public policy by proposing legislation to deal with legal policy concerns in the state. For example, proposals can include crime and violence prevention, consumer protection, civil rights, environmental protection, or children' s advocacy. The Office also implements a wide range of public policy programs, including drug prevention, sexual violence and harassment prevention, environmental protection, consumer education, child support enforcement and more.

Some large firms have a department called "Government Relations." This group of lawyers is usually involved in some aspect of "lobbying." Lobbying is defined as all attempts to influence legislators to vote in a certain way or to introduce legislation. Attorneys in the government relations department will be involved in monitoring and analyzing proposed legislation, and engage in direct lobbying activities. Additionally, these lawyers may be involved in trying to influence administrative rule-making bodies, such as the Department of Health or the Environmental Protection Agency. Some of these lawyers may also become involved with litigation stemming from a perceived unfair consequence of legislation. Clients can range from private or public companies, such as a managed health care provider where proposed legislation could have a direct effect on its business; or professional associations, such as the American Medical Association, that represent members of an industry that could be affected by proposed legislation. Lobbyists are sometimes hired directly by these organizations. In some instances, the government relations attorney is an employee of the corporation or organization, rather than working for a law firm hired by that entity.

This represents one of the fastest growing and dynamic practice areas. It is a specialty which blends many practice types including litigation, general corporate, medical malpractice, antitrust, tax, securities, real estate, labor, partnership, to name a few. Dramatic changes in the healthcare industry in recent years have created a huge demand for lawyers as issues such as assisted suicide, crimes against the elderly, right to die, and others present themselves. The changing nature of the organizations in the industry– insurance and managed care companies, physician organizations, hospitals and clinics, regulatory bodies, and patient groups--calls for lawyers skilled in business transactions such as mergers and acquisitions. Litigation has also stemmed from the challenge of issues such as access to health care and health care benefits. Healthcare technology is growing rapidly and attorneys are needed to protect ideas and inventions, and to advise companies in that business in their general corporate matters. Healthcare is a highly-regulated industry, and many lawyers assist their clients in compliance issues. There are a host of issues here, and that is only expected to continue to expand opportunities as this industry continues to change.

Immigration is a comprehensive body of federal laws that govern issues of foreigners coming into the United States, including admission, exclusion, deportation, and naturalization of aliens. The Immigration and Naturalization, part of the United States Department of Justice, employs a great number of immigration lawyers. Courts devoted to handling immigration issues will also hire attorneys to assist judges. In recent years, the legislature has been in the process of reforming immigration laws, and some members of Congress and other legislators have hired immigration lawyers for assistance. Private firms also represent clients ranging from those seeking citizenship, new citizens working to bring their families into the country, aliens with issues related to employment or education visas, and/ or companies who wish to recruit and hire internationally. Also, some in-house, corporate counsel may deal with other immigration issues if the company they work for does business internationally or has other international concerns.

This area is perhaps the fastest-growing, hottest area of law, with the demand for qualified lawyers exceeding the supply. Attorneys in this field, with very few exceptions, are required to have degrees in one of the hard sciences: engineering, medicine, computer science, physics, etc. These practitioners may be engaged in all aspects of copyright, trademark, licensing, trade secrets, and patent law. Clients are usually businesses involved in the chemical, medical and pharmaceutical, biological, mechanical, electronics and computer technologies. Lawyers assist them in acquiring, protecting and exploiting intellectual property assets, including patent preparation, prosecution, licensing and litigation. Intellectual property attorneys can be found in private law firms of all sizes. Many private law firms are "boutique" firms, and limit their practice exclusively to intellectual property. Corporations in these industries often hire their own, in-house patent counsel.

The term "international law" is really a misnomer. There is no one practice area that could be described as "international." Rather, an international practice is one in which the attorney' s clientele consists of organizations or individuals that conduct business internationally, or have international clients themselves. Assets such as language skills and multi-cultural experience are valuable to attorneys who wish to engage in an international practice. These attorneys are usually those who first gain experience in transactional work, and then acquire international clients over time. Few new attorneys are able to secure a job in an exclusively international practice.

An international practice can encompass all aspects of business enterprise including mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and other investments; international finance; international development projects; international intellectual property rights; international trade and finance; regulation of international trade; international tax matters; international government representation; litigation and regulatory compliance; international arbitration; and international real estate matters. Lawyers in an international practice can also represent individuals and families in complex immigration, residency, tax, estate planning, and corporate and investment legal issues that cross the boundaries of the national legal systems.

Judicial clerkships should be distinguished from other "law clerk" positions. "Law clerk" is usually the title given to a law student who assists an attorney with research and writing duties. A judicial clerkship, however, is a post graduate position, assisting a judge, usually for a finite term of one or two years. Judicial clerkships are found in virtually every court in the land, from the Supreme Court of the United States to county level district courts, at both the trial and appellate level. These positions, at the federal level and the state appellate level, are generally highly competitive and require superior law school credentials and a demonstration of superior legal writing skills. These positions are considered to be quite prestigious, and many new lawyers who have served as judicial clerks have found that the experience was not only one of the most rewarding of the their legal careers, but that the experience opens many doors, and expands opportunities available to them at the conclusion of the clerkship.

Legal services are generally private, nonprofit corporations which provide free legal representation in civil and criminal matters to low income and elderly residents in various geographic areas. Attorneys who join legal service organizations have the opportunity to acquire experience quickly and develop skills in a variety of civil and criminal matters. Legal issues common to legal service organizations are family law matters, landlord/ tenant disputes, criminal defense, fair credit practices and other civil rights claims.

The practitioner here will deal with claims that question the standard of care rendered by a physician, dentist, optometrist, chiropractor, or an employee of a hospital. An attorney practicing in this area must understand not only legal principles, but also must be knowledgeable as to the appropriate standard of care to be exercised in a variety of health care professions and settings. Representative issues can include those such as: Did the medical professional fail to diagnose or misdiagnose the patient' s condition resulting in injuries? Did the surgeon perform a procedure improperly resulting in injury to the patient? Did the nursing staff follow orders issued by the physician? The attorney' s task is to simplify and focus the issues, and to make a case involving complex medical facts, issues and analysis as simple and straightforward as possible.

State and local governments have need for many different kinds of legal services. Some of those services are provided by attorneys who are employed within the government entity, and others by special outside counsel in private law firms who specialize in the public sector practice. Those services required include general advice and counseling, drafting agreements and legislation, advice and assistance in the implementation of governmental programs, and representation in judicial and administrative proceedings at the federal, state and local levels. Substantive areas can include public finance, education, securities regulation, hazardous waste management, housing and urban development, land use control, telecommunications, elections, and a host of other issues. Clients of these lawyers include states and their agencies, board of education, counties, cities, villages, townships, state and municipal university and colleges, and some private sector entities in their relations with public bodies.

Probate, Trust and Estate Planning attorneys represent clients who run the gamut from the most modest of estates to those that are highly complex, either because of the unusual nature of the client' s assets and liabilities, or because of the nature of the client' s business, commercial and other interests. Services include extensive review, analysis and recommendations with respect to income, gift and estate tax matters, and well as pre-and post-death personal and administrative aspects of a client' s estate. This is another practice area with huge tax implications. Many of these attorneys are CPAs or have accounting background. Attorneys with this expertise are found in many different environments, including private law firms of all sizes, and in organizations such as banks, trust companies, and accounting firms. Clients can be individuals or corporations.

Real estate law relates to any issue involving real property. Many lawyers have a special expertise in real estate law, while many others encounter tangential issues of real estate law in other practice areas. Real estate tends to be a fairly technical practice area with a lot of accounting functions and tax implications. It is common for real estate issues to be dealt with on a regular basis by tax and probate and estate planning practitioners. Many in-house, corporate attorneys deal with real estate issues. For example, many companies lease retail space as part of their business, purchase large commercial sites for their own office space, or lease space in their building to other businesses. Real estate lawyers also represent individuals making all kinds of real estate transactions. Title companies, mortgage companies, and other lending institutions will also hire real estate legal specialists. Government real estate lawyers may deal with issues such as condemnation and eminent domain, and are usually hired at the local level.

A security is simply a manifestation of an investment in an enterprise. It may be a bond, a share of common stock, a note, a limited partnership interest, interest in real estate or any other tangible or intangible asset imaginable. The practice is primarily transactional work, business counseling, some litigation relating to investments, and the raising of capital for the enterprise. Securities lawyers are found in private law firms as well as in-house corporate counsel. Some government entities also hire securities lawyers, the largest of course, being the Securities and Exchange Commission. Day-to-day work can address those issues associated with financing transactions, public offerings, private placements, blue sky commissions (registration requirements that vary from state to state), reporting requirements, and SEC compliance. The client base can be diverse and dynamic including private and public businesses, venture capitalists, investment analysts, bankers, and securities brokerage houses.

Attorneys specializing in tax can be found in many employment settings, in both the public and private sectors, including large accounting firms. Clients can include individuals, government bodies, private and public businesses from a small family business to Fortune 500 corporations. Tax specialists work closely with practitioners in other practice areas. Virtually everything a lawyer does for a client will have a tax consequence, whether it is a marriage dissolution or drafting a simple will, or advising and executing complex commercial transactions. Whether the client is an individual or a huge corporation, the tax lawyer' s goal is to maximize the preservation of assets and the positive impact on the bottom line. This is accomplished through careful tax planning and counseling of clients, and advising clients on the tax aspects of financing such as public and private offerings, debt instruments, equity stakes and other tax-oriented investments. Tax attorneys also provide advice to tax-exempt organizations on the tax aspects of a wide range of organizational and operational matters. These attorneys are highly knowledgeable in obtaining tax-exempt status in the most expeditious manner and effectively counseling such organizations on maintaining their tax-exempt status.

There are some lawyers who work exclusively with legal issues affecting Native American tribes, Indian land and reservations, and treaties. Attorneys are found in federal government bodies such as the Bureau of Indian Affairs and The Indian Claims Commission, which hears and determines claims against the United States on behalf of any Indian tribe. Private law firms also have lawyers who specialize in matters relating to Indian lands and reservations, tribal rights, and other legal issues affecting Native Americans. Additionally, specific Indian tribes, which are recognized as sovereign entities with the power to regulate their internal and social organization, have lawyers who may be members of the tribe themselves, and/ or lawyers who are hired as "general counsel," to handle the legal affairs of their tribe. Public service agencies also serve the Native American community with lawyers who specialize in the Indian Child Welfare Act, and others who serve children, the elderly, or indigent members of the Native American community.

Practice in this area consists of representing employees and employers in the administration of workers' compensation benefits. Typically, law firms exclusively represent either employers or employees, however there are some firms that will represent both. On the employee' s side, counsel assists injured employees in filing for benefits due as a result of industrial injury or disease. It can also include the litigation of claims which are appealed from the administrative process to the state court system. On the employer side, lawyers are defending their clients against such claims. Employer' s counsel can also be involved in counseling and educating employers in establishing safety programs and other methods designed to reduce industrial accidents and injuries. In large law firms (generally defense-oriented with employer clients) new lawyers who want to litigate often cut their teeth on workers' compensation matters to gain trial experience before moving on to more complex legal areas.

It' s pretty hard to sum it all up. If nothing else, you can see that there are a huge number of options for you. We have discussed here only those areas which are generally recognized as major fields of specialty. There are literally hundreds of areas of sub-specialization and niche practice areas. This summary is meant to be a concise resource for those just beginning to explore a career in the law. When you begin law school, and throughout your law school career, you are encouraged to seek out other resources for more in-depth exploration. For guidance and help to narrow your focus, seek the advice and assistance of the Career Services Office, your law school professors, and other legal professionals along the way.