Lecture notes

Week 2
History of Counseling Organizations

1908  Frank Parsons developed Vocational Bureau in Boston
1913  National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA)
 National Association of Deans of Women (NADW)
1916 National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA)
1924 National Association of Appointment Secretaries (NAAS)
1940 National Association of Guidance Supervisors (NAGS)
1952  -The five groups, NVGA, NADW, NASPA, NAAS, NAGS, merged to form the American   Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA), now American Counseling Association
1952  American School Counselor Association formed
1958 Division of Rehabilitation Counseling (DRC)
1961 National Catholic Guidance Conference
1963 Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act
1965 Association for Measurement and Evaluation Guidance
1972 Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance
1973 Association for Specialists in Group Work
1974 Public Offender Counselor Association
1978 American Mental Health Counselors Association
1981 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
1982 National Board of Certified Counselors
1986 Association for Adult Development and Aging
1989 International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors
1997  Association for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Counselors

Week 3
Credentials for professional counselors
1. Certification
National Board for Certified Counselors  NBCC
National Certified Counselor
National credential that indicates to the public that the counselor has completed the necessary training (48 hour Masters program in counseling), and has the basic skills to be a professional counselor.

2. State licensure
Licensed Professional Counselor
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor
Offered by the State of Illinois Department of Professional Regulation  DPR
State licensure indicates to the public that the individual has completed the necessary training and has appropriate skills for practice as a professional counselor.  State licensure also allows professional counselors to receive 3rd party reimbursement.

3. School counselor certification
Certified by the Illinois State Board of Education in guidance.  ISBE

Differences between certification and state licensure   questions

American Counseling Association Code of Ethics
      Purpose of the code is to protect the welfare of the consumer.  The code provides guidelines for actions of professional counselors and suggestions for acceptable standards of care.

Week 4
Individual Counseling


Stages 

Initial- Establish rapport 
Develop treatment plan 
Middle- Select appropriate interventions 
Final- Termination 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 Psychodynamic 

View of Human Nature- Evil 
Source of motivation- Instincts, drives 
Development of pathology- Early childhood issues, psychosexual stages 
Nature of change- Insight 
Therapeutic relationship- Active, nondirective 
Techniques- Dream analysis, Free association, interpretation of transference, analysis of resistance 
 

 Behaviorism 

View of Human Nature- Neutral 
Source of Motivation- Reinforcement systems 
Development of pathology- Reinforcement systems 
Nature of change- Reinforcement 
Therapeutic relationship- Active, directive 
Techniques- Behavior modification, token economies, cognitive restructuring, relaxation

 Humanistic 

View of Human Nature- Good 
Source of motivation- Self actualization 
Development of pathology- Blocks and constraints 
Nature of change- Remove constraints, self-awareness 
Therapeutic relationship- Inactive, nondirective 
Techniques- Awareness exercises, Roger's conditions, empty chair 
 


Week 5

Family Counseling

Review slide presentation:        http://www.neiu.edu/~jkedward/ppt/ADVFAM

Stages of Family Counseling
Initial stage-    Establish rapport.  It is important to establish rapport with all members of the family.  Reframe the presenting problem to a family problem. Establish treatment plan.

Middle stage-    Select appropriate interventions.  May need to determine whether to work with the entire system or with subsystems.

Final stage- Termination.  Review progress, discuss future concerns.

 Week 6
Group Counseling

Group dynamics-
Group cohesion
Group think
Group leadership, leadership tasks

Group stages-
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning


Week 7
Consultation

Consultation  Stages

Week 13

Multicultural Counseling

Worldview Orientation

Time focus

Global sense of time:
Past                                             Present                                                    Future
Past is important                           Live for present moment                         Plan for future

Literal sense of time:
Strict adherence to time                 Relaxed time structure

Human Activity

Being                                            Being in-becoming                                   Doing
It's just enough to be                      Purpose is to develop inner self              Be active

Social Relations

Lineal                                           Collateral/Collectivist                                   Individualistic
Relationships are vertical              Group identity and functioning is important     Individual important/ Autonomy

Nature Relations

Subjugation                                     Harmony with nature                                  Mastery over nature
Life determined by external forces   People and nature co-exist in harmony         Challenge is to conquer and control nature

Review Questions

1. The first guidance programs were ________________?
2. The father of the guidance movement was __________?
3. Briefly describe the history of the counseling profession.
4. Compare and contrast the social services professionals.
5. Discuss the value systems of counselors.
6. Discuss professional credentialing process.
7. Licensure of counselors is important to counselors because ____________?
8. Humanistic theory developed primarily in reaction to ______________?
9. Behaviorism developed primarily in reaction to ______________?
10. Compare and contrast psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic approaches.
11. Discuss the stages of individual counseling?
12. The primary task in the initial stage of counseling is _______________?
13. The storming stage in group counseling is important because _______________?
14. Validity refers to _____________?
15. Reliability refers to ________________?
16. To determine if a test is suitable to administer to a client, counselors should determine _____?
17. Ability tests measure _______?
18. Achievement tests measure _____?
19. Projective tests are designed to ___________?
20. Observation is useful because _____________?
21. Standardized tests are useful because __________________?
22. Realistic individuals in Holland's code are likely to prefer ___________ occupations.
22. The vocational self-concept measures __________?
23. Summative evaluation includes?
24. A person in Eriksons identity versus isolation stage experiences _______?
25. People with oral tendencies have ________?
 

Definitions/Terms/Concepts

History                                                                     Multicultural Counseling
National Board of Certified Counselors                      Oppression
American Counseling Association/                              Racial identity models
  American Personnel and Guidance Association         Acculturation
Frank Parsons                                                          Minority Identity Model
Mental Retardation and Community Mental
   Health Centers Construction Act
State licensure

Characteristics                                 Modalities/Tasks                                             Values
Warmth                                           Individual counseling                                          Developmental counseling
Empathy                                           Group counseling                                              Psychosocial stages of development
Genuineness                                       Family counseling                                            Psychosexual stages of development
Positive regard                              Consultation                                                         Super's developmental model
Active listening                               Consultation stages                                              Holland's typology
                                                    Prevention and outreach                                         Kohlberg's moral development
                                                    Supervision                                                           Prevention
                                                                                                                                Worth and dignity
                                                                                                                                    Diversity- Cultural awareness
                                                                                                                                    Eclecticism/ Diversity of methods

Theoretical orientations                                          Settings
Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic                              Community mental health centers
Behaviorism/ cognitive behavioral                          Career agencies
Humanistic                                                             Elementary schools
View of human nature                                           Secondary schools
Source of motivation                                            Colleges and universities
Development of pathology/problem                          Employee assistance programs
Nature of change                                                    Outplacement services
Therapeutic relationship                                               Employee enhancement programs

Ethical and legal issues                                               Career Counseling
ACA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice         Holland's typology
Suicide                                                                      Super's model
Tarasoff- duty to warn                                                Dictionary of Occupational Titles
Child abuse                                                                Occupational Outlook Handbook
Hospitalization
Records
Treatment plans

Assessment                                                             Research
Projective tests                                                        Scientific method
Observations                                                            Quantitative research
Achievement tests                                                    Qualitative research
Reliability                                                                Program evaluation
Validity                                                                   Ability tests
 

Compare and contrast the settings
Compare and contrast modalities
Compare and contrast theoretical orientations
Examine the relationship between the values, effective characteristics, modalities

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