v  In addition to the rules described by the table above, complete the following rules of drawing flow nets:

  n  Equipotential lines must be _________________________ to flow lines.

  n  The geometric shape formed by two adjacent flow lines and
                    two adjacent equipotential lines is roughly _______________________
                    or _________________________.

  n  Changes in the spacing of equipotential lines or flow lines,
                   or changes in the sizes of "squares",
                   should be  ____________________________.

z  Draw a flow net in plan view showing flow to a gaining stream through a homogeneous unconfined aquifer.

z  On graph paper, draw a quantitatively accurate flow net in cross section view showing flow to a gaining stream through a homogeneous unconfined aquifer bounded on the bottom by a low-permeability layer.  Label each equipotential line with its value! 

z  On your cross section flow net, draw at least a dozen piezometers and show water levels in each.

z  On a separate piece of graph paper, trace the following features of your cross section flow net: ground surface, water level in the stream, piezometers, and water levels in piezometers.   Do not draw the flow lines, equipotential lines, or water table!  Be sure you have provided enough piezometers and water levels so that another person can reproduce your flow net based on the information you give them.  Check with me if you have any doubt.

v  Explain the following to a colleague:
               

.........	1.	datum	10.	water table (relate it to hydraulic head!)
	2.	piezometer	11.	gaining stream
	3.	total hydraulic head	12.	losing stream
	4.	elevation head	13.	The relationship between flow lines and impermeable boundaries is ___________________________________.
	5.	pressure head	14.	The relationship between flow lines and constant head boundaries is ___________________________________.
	6.	flow lines	15.	The relationship between flow lines and the water table is ____________________________________.
	7.	equipotential lines	16.	The geometric shape formed by two adjacent flow lines and two adjacent equipotential lines is roughly _______________________  or _________________________.
	8.	no-flow boundary	17.	Changes in the spacing of equipotential lines or flow lines, or changes in the sizes of "squares", should be  ____________________________.
	9.	constant head boundary	18.	Water flows from higher _______________________ to lower _________________________.

v  Quickly sketch flow nets for a variety of flow situations, given partial information about the system.

v  FLOWNET Software:  Using the FLOWNET software included with your textbook, create flow nets for different flow conditions.

v  Ground Water Flow Model: Measure the elevations of water levels in the piezometers in the "sand tank" ground water flow model.  Use the bottom of the model as a datum, and measure in centimeters.  Record the value for each piezometer on the handout provided.  Then, use the data to construct a flow net for the model.  (Hint: you already know what the flow lines should look like, based on the dye tracks on the other side of the model.  You also know what all the boundaries are.  Use that information to help you draw your equipotential lines.)

v  Cross Section of the Project Study Area:  Homework Assignment #6  is to draw a cross section for the study area based on boring logs of the from the Illinois State Geological Survey's digital database. 

Montgomery Well ID	Longitude and Latitude	Lambert Coordinates X                       Y	Public Land Survey
10	88.329oW, 41.736oN (88 o, 19’, 44”W; 41 o, 44’,10”N)	3318284.250  3170639.500	T38N, R8E, Sec. 33, Plot 4h
11	88.33183oW, 41.73744oN (88 o, 19’, 55”W; 41 o, 44’,15”N)	3317428.000  3170504.250	T38N, R8E, Sec. 33, Plot 5h

v  Conceptual Models:
        r List and describe the three components of a conceptual model: hydrostratigraphic units, boundaries, and stresses.
        r Based on the geologic cross sections constructed by all of your group members, make a conceptual model for your study area.
        r Looking at case studies of other flow systems, make a conceptual model for those areas.

v  Ground Water Modeling: Theory
       r Explain the difference between an analytical model and a numerical model. 
       r Explain the theoretical basis of a numerical model of ground water flow. 
       r Explain the purpose and use of a grid in ground water modeling.
       r Give the formulas for calculating hydraulic head within a grid cell in ground water modeling, and show that you can use them in hand calculations.
       r Explain what an iteration is, and how it is used in modeling along with initial values (initial heads) and the method of successive approximation.
       r Explain what a residual is, what a convergence criterion (also called a tolerance) is, and how they are used in modeling.
       r Describe the steps in constructing a model, as given on pages 526-527 of the Fetter textbook.

v  Ground Water Modeling Software: Download and install a copy of Graphic Groundwater (GGW).  Open up the sample model, below.
          GGW Model for the Holiday Hills Community (file extension ".ggw")                 Map Image for Holiday Hills (file extension ".bmp")
          Grid for this model (extension .xls)--you don't need this file but might want to look at it

v  Ground Water Modeling: Practice
On the attached file is a 5 x 5 grid of dots that symbolize a plan view of wells tapping a confined aquifer.  Begin with the upper bounday (closed circles) having a specified constant head of 100 m, and the big dark circle in column one, row three having a specified constant head of 0 m.  Calculate the head values for the other wells.  Do this by using successive approximations (iterations).  Record the results of your calculations on the page, showing the head in each well next to each dot.  Note: you will need to assign an initial head to the open circles for your first iteration.  You could choose anything, but let's all choose the same thing for now: 50 m.Using Graphic Groundwater, create a model for the area you just worked on.  Use a uniform 5 x 5 grid.  Make sure your model is in keeping with the conceptual model describe in class.  See this file for more detailed step-by-step information on using GGW!

v  Ground Water Modeling:  The Montgomery Project

Pumping Rates:    Well #10:    47,421,000 gallons per year;   Well #11:  102,587,000 gallons per year

Well Logs

WELL #10	From (ft)	To (ft)		WELL #11	From (ft)	To (ft)
Top soil	0	0.5		Soil	0	9
Brown silty clay	0.5	3.5		Stiff clay with cobbles	9	25
Brownish gravel and many extremely large boulders with fine sand and also blue clay intermixed in spots	3.5	27		Coarse sand and gravel and cobbles	25	35
Brown sandy, silty clay with gravel intermixed and a few boulders	27	39		Coarse sand and small gravel	35	46
Gray fine sand to medium gravel	39	70		Medium sand	46	58
Gray fine sand to coarse gravel	70	82		Coarse sand and gravel	58	59
Green shale with lime	82	87		Bedrock	59

A copy of the bitmap image of the WEST side of the Fox River can be downloaded from this link.
A copy of the bitmap image of the EAST side of the Fox River can be downloaded from this link.
A copy of a generic Excel file to be used in constructing a grid can be downloaded from this link.

n  Download and save your group's graphic map image and model files.

Jim R, Mike B, and Manuel      Model area (.bmp graphic image, 17,902 KB)         Model area, zipped file (.zip file, 4765 KB)          GGW Model (96 KB)	Ken, Shital, Laura, Lawrence    Model area (.bmp graphic image, 12,552 KB)  Model area, zipped file (.zip file, 2871 KB)      GGW Model (79 KB)
Paul, Jim A, and Matt        Model area (.bmp graphic image, 12,552 KB) Model area, zipped file (.zip file, 2871 KB)                  GGW Model (79 KB)	Mike L, Brent, Cameron         Model area (.bmp graphic image, 15,528 KB) Model area, zipped file (.zip file, 3341 KB)       GGW Model (85 KB)

n  Use Graphic Groundwater to open your files.  A file on a step-by-step approach to building your model appears here.
n  Construct a model for your area.  Click here for a checklist of parameters you must set for your model.
n  Successfully run the model, display the results, and display the particle tracks.
n  Describe the organization of the final report and explain how it will be graded.

n  Use a corollary to Darcy's Law to calculate velocity of ground water flow and travel times.
n  Explain how you will evaluate the contributions of each team member to the final report.
n  Use Darcy's Law and a numerical ground water model to predict how changes in a ground water system will affect flow through the system.